It is common for many people to treat citizenship and naturalization as the same thing, and the mix-up rarely matters in casual conversations. But if you are applying for naturalization or seeking official proof of your existing citizenship, it is important to know what separates one from the other.
Understanding how the terms differ
Citizenship is the legal bond between you and the United States. It gives you certain rights, including the right to vote when eligible. It also brings civic duties, such as jury service when called.
Naturalization is the process an eligible noncitizen follows to become a citizen after birth and it usually begins with Form N-400. You then attend an interview, take the required tests and complete the process by taking the Oath of Allegiance.
Acquiring citizenship through family
The 14th Amendment grants U.S. citizenship at birth to people born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction. Most children born in Los Angeles or Fresno therefore receive that status immediately, without filing an application, taking a test or attending a ceremony.
A child born abroad may also acquire citizenship at birth through at least one U.S. citizen parent. Because Congress has changed the requirements over time, the outcome depends on the law in effect on the child’s birth date and whether the parent met the applicable physical presence rules.
Under the Child Citizenship Act of 2000, some children who were not citizens at birth automatically acquire citizenship after birth. A child generally must be under 18, hold lawful permanent resident status and live in the United States in the legal and physical custody of a U.S. citizen parent.
Meeting the naturalization requirements
Naturalization works differently because citizenship does not arise automatically. Most applicants must hold lawful permanent resident status for five years, although some spouses of U.S. citizens may qualify after three years.
During that period, you must keep the United States as your main home and spend at least half of the required time here. You must also show good moral character and live in the state or immigration district where you apply for at least three months.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services will usually interview you and test your English and civics knowledge. If a qualifying disability prevents you from meeting either requirement, you may request an exception through Form N-648.
